The Supreme Court Had To Ultimately Determine Whether Or

The Supreme Court had to ultimately determine whether or not the Bakeshop Act of 1895 violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause. After two days of oral arguments, the Supreme Court voted 5 to 4, in favor of Lochner. Hall and Patrick (2006) notes that Justice John Marshall Harlan was initially attached to writing the opinion of the court. However, Justice Harlan was unable to maintain a majority and, as a result, Justice Rufus Peckham wrote the majority opinion (70). Following the shift, the majority opinion of the Court found that the New York law was, in fact, unconstitutional for several reasons. Justice Peckham argued that the state’s use of police powers must be exercised â€Å"in a legitimate, fair, and reasonable way† (70).†¦show more content†¦Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., on the other hand, provided a dissenting opinion which argued that the Court should rule in favor of the state legislature. Justice Holmes agreed with the diss enting opinion of Justice Harlan, Justice White, and Justice Day. However, Justice Holmes argued that the Court must respect the will of the American people and, by ruling in Lochner’s favor, the Court was ignoring popular will (71). Justice Holmes also noted that â€Å"the Fourteenth Amendment had not enacted Mr. Herbert Spencer’s Social Statics,† (71) which had suggested that differences among social classes were inescapable and, as such, the law should perpetuate such differences as they were deemed â€Å"good† for society (71). The decision of Lochner v. New York (1905) was exceptionally controversial and the period following this court case would be infamously known as the Lochner era (72). The industrial growth brought forth rapid social and economic changes which prompted states, like New York, to mitigate its various consequences. The Court’s use of its judicial review, however, subsequently allowed for the Constitution to adopt a specific economic theory – an economic theory that would be used to strike down countless reform regulations on federal child labor laws, minimum wage laws, and regulations on various industries (72). Hall and Patrick (2006) state that the Lochner v. New York (1905)Show MoreRelatedCourt Law : Legal Definitions And Aspects Of Court Cases1132 Words   |  5 Pagesrule under various circumstances. As in many court cases, it comes down to the facts and circumstance to determine the taxability along with the burden of proof is on the petitioner. These facts and circumstances will determine 1) Whether the taxpayer’s settlement is eligible to be exempt from taxation; 2) The portion of settlement that is exempt from taxation 3) The portion of the settlement that is taxable; 4) The treatment of lawyer fees 1. Whether the taxpayer’s settlement is eligible to be exemptRead MoreSupreme Court Cases, Thematic Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesThematic Essay-Supreme Court Cases The outcome of cases that have gone through the United States Supreme Court judicial branch have each had a major impact on how the laws and amendments of the United States Constitution are interpreted. Two cases in particular that expanded constitutional liberties is the case of Engel vs. Vitale (1962) and the case of Tinker vs. Des Moines School District (1969). Not only did both of these cases expand constitutional liberties in general, they more specificallyRead MoreNfib vs. Sebelius Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Supreme Court case NFIB v. Sebelius, Roberts establishes his opinion on the role of the court, taking in consideration John Marshall’s opinion of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison; judicial review is present in both cases but in different ways. 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The Riot That Occurred During The Early Morning Of June

The riot that occurred during the early morning of June 28, 1969, as well as the riots that occurred as a result, dubbed the Stonewall Riots, are the beginning of the gay rights movement. Until the last quarter of the twentieth century, homosexuality, bisexuality, transvestism, and transgender sex changes were considered signs of mental illness. Painful electroshock therapy was often enforced upon those who displayed homosexual behavior. They were the objects of public suspicion, job discrimination, and outright violence. Gays, lesbians, and other sexual minority groups were stigmatized by society and harassed by law enforcement (â€Å"The Stonewall Riots†). The negative perception of homosexuality began to change in the 1940s as it gradually†¦show more content†¦By 1969 there were roughly fifty Homophile organizations in the United States with memberships of a few thousand each. Around this same time, groups of prominent gays and lesbians in the United States began t o advocate openly for equal rights. Among these were the Mattachine Society, an advocacy group for gay men, and the Daughters of Bilitis, which, like its male counterpart, â€Å"served as a support network for homosexuals who felt maltreated by or secluded from mainstream society† (â€Å"Gay Rights Movement†). Both establishments hoped to present a picture of gays and lesbians as no different from heterosexual citizens. However, these organizations were forced to operate largely in secret and under ambiguous names to conceal their purpose. Neither of these groups attracted more than a few hundred members. Therefore, while there was some organized activity for gay rights, the gay community throughout the United States was still essentially underground in the late 1960s. Its bars were only open as long as the police allowed them to stay open and it wasn’t unusual for the police to close down certain gay bars for weeks as a time. In June 1969, the NYPD shut down a number of clubs and bars, but the Stonewall Inn remained open. Located in the heart of Greenwich Village, the Stonewall Inn attracted runaways and drag queens, most of whom were African American or Hispanic. The bar didn’t have a liquor license and was rumored to be tied toShow MoreRelatedThe Stonewall Riots And The Gay Rights Movement1173 Words   |  5 PagesIt was approximately three a.m. on the twenty-eighth of June, 1969 when outside the Stonewall Inn, a monumental riot began. On Christopher Street in New York City, a police raid had just taken place in the gay bar due to the selling of liquor without a license, and arrests were made to anyone without a minimum of three articles of gender appropriate clothing on in accordance to New York law. 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The Dow Jones Sustainability Index - 1793 Words

The Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) was launched in 1999, making its name as the world’s first leading global benchmark for sustainability. This index consists of the top 10% of the largest 2,500 companies in terms of sustainability. Corporate sustainability is the business approach that formulates long-term shareholder value by grasping opportunities and controlling risks created from economic, environmental and social development. Sustainability serves as opportunities and risks that companies must adjust to and is critical to the creation of long-term shareholder value, especially in an increasingly resource constrained world. The DJSI has become an effective engagement platform as it encourages competition among companies for a†¦show more content†¦If companies that meet a certain size criteria decide not to participate, RobecoSAM completes the questionnaire to their fullest extent based on publically available information. The â€Å"Assessed Universe† is created following the results of the CSA questionnaire as a result of companies are ranked against peers according to their Total Sustainability Score. RobecoSAM then continues to monitor new coverage of the companies in the universe on a daily basis, whether it is through media stories, RepRisk, and etc., in order to analyze the company’s involvement with the environmental, social, economic issues that may negatively effect one’s reputation and core business. Through careful observation of the universe, RobecoSAM is able to in decide whether a company’s policies, processes, management systems, and commitments shape into excellent positive performance. RobecoSAM then has 59 industries roll up into 24 global industry groups so that the top scoring company from each is included on the DJSI. Not only does RobecoSAM stand as the basis for the development of the DJSI, but it also provides insights used to conduct empirical in-house research or is used to measure the impact of corporate sustainability performance on financial performance. The triple bottom line is measured in three different categories including social, environmental, and financial factors. The financial factors are easy to measure

Retrieved From Energy Harvesting Wireless -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Retrieved From Energy Harvesting Wireless? Answer: Introducation It employs 128-bit keys and a 48-bit initialization vector which minimizes replay attacks vulnerability(Syed A. Ahson, Ocober 2012). Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol provides data privacy, authentication, and integrity. CCMP encryption standard may need more advanced hardware since it requires extra processing power. Triple Data Encryption Standard(3DES): Triple data encryption standard uses three keys that are different each with a length of 56-bit. The three keys often cause the performance to be slow in most software, and therefore the Triple Data Encryption Standard is getting obsolete with time. Advanced Encryption Standard (AES): Advanced Encryption Standard supports 128-bit, 192-bit and 256-bit encryption keys(Jeffrey G. Andrews A. G., 2011). It is, therefore, faster than Triple Data Encryption Standard which uses 56-bit encryption keys. Advanced Encryption Standard uses less memory and is easily implemented. However, Advanced Encryption Standard is not used by all end-user terminal keeping Triple Data Encryption Standard still in use(Alejandro Aragn, September 5, 2017). Security challenges for WPAN technologies. Bluetooth Wireless, Personal Area Networks, are vulnerable to eavesdropping(Kevin Townsend, May 22, 2014). An attacker may make an independent connection with the involved victims and send messages between the two in a way that makes them think they are only communicating with each other on the private connection(Heydon, November 7, 2012). ZigBee: ZigBees security layer is built on the Residential mode security mode which uses a single key for all the personal Area Network in all the connected applications(Faludi, January 3, 2011). The main security vulnerability in this mode is the lack of a security protection of packets from a suspected malicious node within the network. Reflection on the topic of Energy Harvest Wireless communication industry has massively continued to grow as more embrace the technology and its elegance. However, the full functionality of wireless networks used to relay the communicated information is primarily dependent on energy. It has been a challenge providing energy to all the devices used to set up a working wireless communication system due to the impossibilities of replacing batteries in some of the devices used and the cost of the replacements when possible(Sheikh, 2017). Some devices may be placed in locations that cannot be easily accessed when there is need to replace the battery while some locations may not have electricity at all. Energy harvest is an excellent solution to the challenges stated above. Using energy from the surrounding environments such as the wind and solar energy may solve all the energy problems. Most devices will be placed in places where there is at least one environmental source of energy that can be used and cater for all the energy-related problems that the device would have heard(Ulukus, et al., 2015). Even though there are some challenges that still need to be addressed to be able to develop energy harvesting systems that are efficient, cost-effective, and reliable for the wireless sensor network environment, the energy harvesting technique remains a great invention that needs to be more researched and implemented. Wireless sensor network devices that operate in the atmosphere will have a great benefit not need electricity. It is naturally hard to get to the devices that have been set to operate from the atmosphere. If energy harvesting is done, the device will minimize downtimes by having enough power all the time without the need for anybody going there. Some of these networking devices are managed remotely. For the devices managed remotely, there will be no need for visiting the precise location of the device since the power may be sufficient for a long period. Other wireless sensor network devices use electricity and will also benefit from the energy harvesting. Devices that do not use batteries need electricity that flows without disruptions. Most companies offering electricity to companies and organizations with these devices do not guarantee electricity flow all the time of day all days(Alireza Khaligh, December 2010). At times, it happens that there are blackouts that will affect the working of the devices and tamper with the communication services. The Energy from the harvest sources would not guarantee full-time energy, but at least there would be no disconnection time when the source of power is more than one. After advancements, the power would possibly be enough, and the devices would only rely on the harvested energy. Wireless networks have recently been the adopted by most systems that use networks to communicate. The operation of the wireless network provides for efficient systems that are independent of location barriers and structure of the buildings in the company. Recent applications of the wireless network include networks used for environmental monitoring, networks used for controlling and tracking animals and those used for Safety, security, and military applications. Others are used to manage health applications and built environments. All the wireless sensor networks have nodes with a structure that has a memory module, communication module and the processor. Each module requires power to work. It will be easy to work with the system when the power comes from a system within the wireless sensor network device. The implementation of the energy harvester involves adding a module that harvests the ambient energy and another one that manages the generated energy. Some energy is kept in the store while some are directly used. When the energy source is not available, for instance, the wind is not flowing, and the energy harvester was using the wind, the system will use the stored power. The power works sufficiently since no power is consumed from the store when the harvester can harvest. This makes the system work at all time provided the environmental factor used to generate the energy will be available at some time before the energy in the store is exhausted. It is easy to manage the energy harvested since it is possible to improve the amount harvested by a given harvester and store the energy in bigger stores that will carry enough power to use for all the period the environmental resource being used to generate the energy may be unavailable. This will help increase the efficiency and availability of the system. Explanation Most of the WSN devices that support energy harvesting work based on the piezoelectric, electrostatic effects and electromagnetic effects. The systems basically try to convert vibrations into electric energy. One system uses a mass-spring while the other is mechanical to electrical converter. The mass-spring system is responsible for transforming vibration received from the environmental resource in use to generate motion between two elements that are connected to a single axis. On the other hand, the mechanical to electrical converter takes in the relative motion generated and transforms it into electrical energy. The system does this by exploiting one of the three effects stated above. The mechanical to electrical converter working by exploitation of the Piezoelectric effect generate electric potential after twisting, compressing or distorting some piezoelectric crystals. The piezoelectric material causes deforms the internal structure of the molecules shifting charge centers from positive to negative and vice versa when put under external forces such as compression or twisting(Lu, 2015). The shift produces some microscopic polarization to the material. The polarization produced is normally directly proportional to the applied force. The polarization results into a potential difference across the material that generates an Alternating Current. The Alternating current generated is converted to the required Direct Current through the use of a diode rectifier. The mechanical to electrical converter working by electromagnetic effect is ruled by Lenzs law such that any change in the magnetic condition of the involved coils outputs an electromotive force. The electromotive force generated induces some voltage to the coil in use. Relating to the system above, the magnet acts as the mass in the spring system producing some parallel movement to the coil axis(Mathna, 2012). The parallel movement induces an Alternating Current in the secondary coil which produces the required energy for powering our device. The mechanical to electrical converter working by kinetic energy also operates just like the previous systems working by vibrations. The turbine in use normally converts the flow of the wind or the water being used for rotational movements working on the windmill or turbine in use(Chetwynd, 2010). The movement of the turbine or the windmill is used to drive an electromagnetic generator that generates the energy required as explained in the systems above. References Alejandro Aragn, A. Z. (September 5, 2017). Indoor Wireless Communications: From Theory to Implementation 1st Edition. Wiley;. Alireza Khaligh, O. C. (December 2010). Energy Harvesting: Solar, Wind, and Ocean Energy Conversion Systems (Energy, Power Electronics, and Machines) 1st Edition. CRC Press. Chetwynd, M. M. (2010). Investigation of a resonance microgenerator. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 12-17. Faludi, R. (January 3, 2011). Building Wireless Sensor Networks: with ZigBee, XBee, Arduino, and Processing 1st Edition. O'Reilly Media. Heydon, R. (November 7, 2012). Bluetooth Low Energy: The Developer's Handbook 1st Edition. Prentice Hall; 1 edition . Jeffrey G. Andrews, A. G. (2011). Fundamentals of WiMAX: Understanding Broadband Wireless Networking 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall. Kevin Townsend, C. C. (May 22, 2014). Getting Started with Bluetooth Low Energy: Tools and Techniques for Low-Power Networking 1st Edition. O'Reilly Media. Lu, X. (2015). Wireless Networks With RF Energy Harvesting: A Contemporary Survey. Communications Surveys Tutorials, 33-37. Mathna, C. (2012). Energy scavenging for long-term deployable wireless sensor networks. Talanta . Sheikh, F. K. (2017, 02 25). Econpapers. Retrieved from Energy harvesting in wireless sensor networks: A comprehensive review: https://econpapers.repec.org/article/eeerensus/v_3a55_3ay_3a2016_3ai_3ac_3ap_3a1041-1054.htm Syed A. Ahson, M. I. (Ocober 2012). WiMAX: Technologies, Performance Analysis, and QoS (WiMAX Handbook) 2nd Edition. CRC Press;. Ulukus, S., Yener, A., Erkip, E., Simeone, O., Zorzi, M., Grover, P., Huang, K. (2015, January 15). Energy Harvesting Wireless Communications: A Review of Recent Advances. Retrieved from IEEE Xplore Digital library: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7010878/